VOCABULARY

CONTENT EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................................... 2 PEOPLE ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 SOCIAL & GLOBAL PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................... 12 ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS ............................................................................................................. 17 CLIMATE CHANGE ............................................................................................................................. 19 ENERGY & RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 21 PUBLIC TRANSPORT .......................................................................................................................... 22 CULTURE .............................................................................................................................................. 24 GLOBALIZATION ................................................................................................................................ 25 IMMIGRATION ..................................................................................................................................... 27 CRIME ........................................................................................................................................................ 29 EMPLOYMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 37 MEDIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 44 ADVERTISING .......................................................................................................................................... 47 TECHNOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 50 EDUCATION - Ongoing assessment: evaluation of a student’s progress based on his/her performance throughout the whole course – not based on one single test or exam I would have been more relaxed at secondary school if we’d had ongoing assessment instead of those horrible end-of-unit tests. - to be poor at sth: not good at sth I was so poor at Mathematics at school, I always had to take extra lessons with a private tutor. - Certificate (n): a document that shows an educational program has been completed I have a hairdressing certificate on the wall in my salon to make my customers more relaxed. - Diploma (n): the document received at the end of secondary school or graduate/professional school or an academic award The best students, including me, were awarded honorary diplomas. - Degree (n): a rank given to s.o after completing his/her university or college studies I hold a bachelor’s degree (BA) in Philosophy. I’m studying for my master’s (MA) degree now. - Correspondence course: distance learning When applying for a job, they don’t usually take correspondence courses into consideration - Grant (for poor students) = scholarship (base on academic merit): học bổng I’ve applied for the grant. All I can do now is cross my fingers and wait for the results. - Tuition (n) sự giảng dạy = instruction, education, teaching - With flying colours = with great success I’m sure you’ll pass the exam with flying colours. You’ve studied a lot. - To resit an exam: to sit an exam again: thi lại If you want to get a better IELTS score, you can resit the test anytime. - To take an exam: tham gia kỳ thi Tên môn học - Mathematics (maths): toán - Literature: văn - Foreign language: ngoại ngữ - Physics: vật lý - Chemistry: hóa - Biology: sinh - History: sử - Civic Education: giáo dụch công dân - Geography: địa lý - Information Technology: công nghệ thông tin - Fine Art: mỹ thuật - Engineering: kỹ thuật - Informatics: tin học - Techonology: công nghệ - Politics: chính trị - Psychology: tâm lý học - Music: âm nhạc - Craft: thủ công - Astronomy: thiên văn học - Economics: kinh tế học - Social science: khoa học xã hội - Physical education: giáo dục thể chất - Religious education: giáo dục tôn giáo - Philosophy: triết học - Assembly: chào cờ - Class meeting: sinh hoạt lớp - Undergraduate (n) sinh viên chưa tốt nghiệp - Head-teacher (n) giáo viên chủ nhiệm A head-teacher is expected to deal with both teaching and students’ private problems - Professor (n) giáo sư - President (n) hiệu trưởng - Examinee (n) thí sinh examiner (n) giám khảo - Supervisor (n) giáo viên hướng dẫn, giám thị - Assignment (n) bài tập, bài báo cáo At the end of this semester, we have to hand in a research paper assignment instead of taking a final exam. - Seminar (n) hội thảo chuyên đề For this subject, we will have 3 seminars to discuss some controversial issues and everyone is expected to talk. - Lecturer (n) giảng viên Give/attend a lecture lecture (n) bài giảng, diễn thuyết, thuyết trình - Lecture: the students make notes and listen to lecturer. There may be a question and answer session at the end - Seminar: often led by a student on a particular topic. Normally, the idea is everyone gets the chance to talk, often follows a lecture - Tutorial: sometimes teaching one-to-one with a tutor and sometimes the same as s seminar - Nursery school – kindergarten: trường mầm non - Primary/ elementary/ grade school: cấp 1 - Secondary school/ junior high school: cấp 2 - High school: cấp 3 - Vocational college: trường đào tạo nghề - Polytechnic (n) / polytechnic institute: a technical school offering instruction in many industrial arts and applied sciences Traditionally, polytecnics focused on practical vocational training and universities focused on theoretical academic qualifications, but there is now a significant overlap between the two tertiary options. - Grade (n) lớp When I was in grade 10, my family moved to a new city - Semester (n) học kỳ - Course (n) khóa học - Revise (v) ôn tập, kiểm tra lại It took me half a month to revise everything for the final draft of my thesis - Play truant (v) trốn học Truant (n) học sinh trốn học Playing truant is unfortunately becoming more and more common nowadays - Drop out (v) bỏ học giữa chừng - Prestigious (adj) uy tín = esteemed, honored - Literate (adj) ≠ illiterate (adj): biết chữ/ mù chữ Many poor people in the countryside are not literate - Literacy (n) the ability to read and write - Numeracy (n) refers to basic skills in maths - be an arduous process: be a tiring process that requires a great deal of effort - be rewarding (adj) xứng đáng Attending a university with a top-tier reputation is an arduous but rewarding process. - Aspiration (n) khát vọng - Pursuit (n) mưu cầu The educational aspirations/pursuits of rural youth tend to be different from those of students living elsewhere. - Use lateral thinking: use a creative approach to solve problems Using lateral thinking, the students can solve problems in an unconventional manner. - Rely on linear thinking: depend on habits of thought in which one idea follows directly from another one The students should not rely on linear thinking habits. Instead, they should think more innovatively. - Break the mould: làm điều gì khác biệt Don’t hesitate to break the mould because it’s the only way to create sth new, sth special and sth that will change the world. - Academic performance: thành quả học tập - Academic qualifications: degrees, diplomas and certificates that s.o has acquired Today academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career. - Rote memorization (n) học thuộc long, học vẹt Rote memorization is not entirely useless. It can help children to learn the basics such as the multiplication tables. - Cram (v) (n): học nhồi nhét trước kỳ thi It concerns some parents that these examinations may induce (cổ xúy) cramming. - Ignorance (n) sự ngu dốt, không biết No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them. - Conduct (v) cư xử, điều khiển, chỉ đạo (n) tư cách đạo đức Standard of upright conduct = standard of honest and responsible behavior - Enroll (v) register formally as a participant or member - Faculty (n) cán bộ giảng dạy ở trường đại học A faculty is a main department at a university. - Syllabus (n) đề cương khóa học = curriculum, course of study, program - Bachelor’s degree (B.A): cử nhân Bachelor of literature/ medicine/ science - Master’s degree (M.A): thạc sĩ - Doctor’s degree (PhD): tiến sĩ = Doctorate - BSc / BS = Bachelor of Science - MD = Medical Doctor: Bác sĩ Y khoa - BBA = The Bachelor of Business Administration: cử nhân quản trị kinh doanh - BCA = The Bachelor of Commerce and Administration: cử nhân thương mại và quản trị - Learning/ library resources center: trung tâm lưu trữ - Conduct an experiment: to do a test (scientific): thực hiện một thực nghiệm - Cutting-edge research (n) modern research, show the newest discoveries - Dedication (n) sự tận tụy The true value of this book is its total dedication to recent developments and cutting-edge research. - Dissertation (n) = thesis: luận văn, luận án - Postgraduate course of study (n) khóa học sau đại học - Scientific journal (n) tạp chí khoa học - Advanced education: nền giáo dục tiên tiến - General education: giáo dục cơ sở, nền tảng - Specific education: giáo dục chuyên sâu - Knowledge acquisition/ attainment: sự tích lũy kiến thức - Higher education: university education - Further education: normally for more vocational courses and may start from the age of 16 - A graduate of/from Oxford University in economics - A full-time degree course: Most students follow a full-time degree course - A part-time degree course: If you are in full-time employment, a part-time may be more suitable - A distance course: In the age of the internet, more and more people are studying by distance - A sandwich course: If you want practical experience, a sandwich course is the best option - Physical education classes: giáo dục thể chất If schools foster an environment that deprives students of getting a proper physical education, it will have a long-term negative effect on children both mentally and physically. - Learn about competition, cooperation and good sportsmanship - Build character and develop personality - Knowledge-based society: xã hội dựa trên nền tảng kiến thức - Be imparted to: truyền đạt Knowledge should be freely imparted to everyone - Tution fees: học phí = education costs The government are under no obligation to take care of university attenders’ education costs - Scholastic capability: khả năng học tập = scholastic competence All students are equal in intelligence and scholastic capability, hence equal opportunities to gain admittance to university. - Readapt to an academic environment Young adults may end up never returning to their studied or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment. - Restricted (adj): bị hạn chế, giới hạn A young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in term of general knowledge and experience of the world. - In the habit of studying - Heighten people’s intellect and to form a civilized society Education contributes greatly to heighten people’s intellect and to form a civilized society. - Access to educational services/ free schooling The possession of certain qualifications through fundamental education like vocational training could secure a person’s stable life. - Educating methodologies: phương pháp giảng dạy - To parallel (v)/ be parallel to: song song The study of local history should always be parallel to that of world history - Well-rounded (adj) toàn diện Acquiring knowledge about the world’s past events equips students with a more well-rounded perspective of life. - Lack of adequate knowledge and understanding Overseas students often feel disoriented and depressed for the lack of adequate knowledge and understanding of the local customs and lifestyle. - Comprehensive (adj): toàn diện, bao hàm Online students cannot develop comprehensively like the way other students who attend classes at school do. - Activities children can do in a big city: attend ballet school, school of art, gymnastic PEOPLE - National minority = minority people = ethnic minority: dân tộc ít người - Sense of humanity (n) tính nhân đạo - A materialistic lifestyle (n) lối sống xem trọng vật chất What the young may copy may range from a materialistic lifestyle, an individualistic way of living to more problematic behaviours such as sexism, racism and discrimination. - Perfect role model: hình mẫu lý tưởng - Common sense: the ability to make logical decisions It is not a common sense at all to invest million dollars on space exploration while everyday thousands of people are starving. - Socializing (n) giao tiếp xã hội Socialize (v) He never socializes with his colleagues Workers who work at home might become lack of socializing - Individual merit: giá trị cá nhân Student’s achievements should depend on hard work and individual merit. - Interact and socialize with other peers Children can interact and socialize with other peers in childcare centres on a daily basis, which may enhance not only their language and communication skills but also their sense of community. - Sense of (humanity, community, neighbourliness, control, humor, orientation, direction,…) tính… I believe that young people would lead happier lives if they had a more “old-fashioned” sense of communities. - Attitude towards (noun): thái độ đối với vấn đề gì The greatest disparity between the generations can be seen in their attitudes towards gender roles. - Corporal punishment = physical punishment = physical force: hình phạt thể xác Physical punishment will damage children in later life. Very few parents would agree with using force regularly as a way of dealing with discipline problems. - Discipline the child: kỷ luật, trừng phạt Some parents believe that for the child’s sake, they have the right to discipline the child in any way they see fit. - Misbehaving children/ Misbehaviour - Distinguish right from wrong/between right and wrong: phân biệt cái đúng, cái sai The child will be hurt, fearful and anxious and will not learn to distinguish right from wrong. - A product of nurture rather than nature Criminal behaviours is a product of nurture rather than nature. - Patriotism (n) lòng yêu nước (sense of patriotism) Having thorough insights into what happened in the history of the country can develop people’s patriotism. - Take pride in: tự hào về Children are taught about the nation history would take pride in their origin. - Personality (n) tính cách Some people believe that ours personalities are determined mainly by genetics. We inherit out abilities and talents from our parents. We can shape our own personalities. - Genetic characteristic Compared to other extrinsic elements, such as upbringing and schooling, genetic characteristics appear to be less influential on children’s behaviours. - Sanguine (adj,n) lạc quan = optimistic - Phlegmatic (adj) lạnh lung = passive - Persevering (adj) nhẫn nại, kiên trì - Melancholic (adj) u sầu - Soft-hearted ≠ cold-hearted - Choleric (adj) dễ nổi nóng = passionate - Reserved (adj) kín đáo, dè dặt - Introverted (adj) hướng nội - Extroverted (adj) hướng ngoại introvert (n) extrovert (n) * SOCIAL AND HUMANITY - State budget = national budget = governmental funding State budgets need to be spent on education, healthcare, infrastructure and security, among other areas - Vital (adj) quan trọng = fundamental, essential These public services are vital for a country to function properly. - A productive and prosperous nation: quốc gia giàu có A high quality education system will result in a well-educated workforce, and in turn a more productive and prosperous nation. - Reasons for helping poorer countries: humanitarian reasons, religious, social or moral duty Many rich countries also donate money for political or diplomatic reasons, they want to maintain the relationship of dependency with the countries; control the supply of commodities (oil, water, rice,…); ensure market for their own products (planes, computers) - Ways to help underdeveloped countries: open up trade barriers, forgive debts - Public welfare (n) phúc lợi xã hội This money can be utilized for the public welfare such as building new hospitals or repairing the roads. - The two classes of society: 2 tầng lớp xã hội - To live on breadline: sống nghèo đói - Local/international charity: tổ chức từ thiện địa phương/ quốc tế - Income inequality: bất bình đẳng thu nhập Income inequality is a threat to economic growth. - The gap between the rich and the poor = inequity in the distribution of wealth = the rich-poor gap As the gap widens, the poor suffers deeper and longer deprivation. - The effects of a continuously growing “rich-poor” socio-economic gap:  Deterioration in national competitiveness  High crime rate  Social unrest (rối loạn xã hội) and political instability (bất ổn chính trị)  Onset of revolution and terrorism - To resort to violence and opt for the life of criminals: tìm đến bạo lực và lựa chọn con đường tội phạm As poverty restricts the capacity of the underprivileged to access services and other lifesustaining matters such as education, employment and medicine, they might resort to violence and opt for the life of criminals. - The rich = the wealthy The poor = the underprivileged - Wealthy country = affluent country = rich nation = the richer world = first world country Poor country = less wealthy/developed country = poverty-stricken country = poor community = third world country = underprivileged region = underdeveloped nation