Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh THPT

Ngöõ phaùp tieáng Anh THPT Nguyeãn Ñaëng Hoaøng Duy Study, study more, study forever!!! Trang Baøi 1: THÌ CUÛA ÑOÄNG TÖØ I- Hieän taïi ñôn (Simple Present): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp: Caâu khaúng ñònh V(s/es); am/is/are Caâu phuû ñònh do/does not V; am/i s/are not Caâu hoûi Do/Does V?; Am/Is/Are S? 2) Caùch duøng chính Thì hieän taïi ñôn ñöôïc duøng ñeå dieãn taû: 2.1 Moät thoùi quen, moät haønh ñoäng ñöôïc laëp ñi la ëp laïi thöôøng xuyeân. Trong caâu thöôøng coù caùc traïng töø: always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, rarely, every day/week/month Ex: Mary often gets up early in the morning. 2.2 Moät söï thaät luùc naøo cuõng ñuùng, moät chaân yù. Ex: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 2.3 Moät haønh ñoäng trong töông lai ñaõ ñöôïc ñöa vaøo chöông trình,keá hoaïch. Ex: The last train leaves at 4.45. II- Hieän taïi tieáp dieãn (Present Continuous): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh am/is/are V-ing Caâu phuû ñònh am/is/are not V-ing Caâu hoûi Am/Is/Are V-ing? 2) Caùch duøng chính Thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn duøng ñeå dieãn taû: 2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn ra ôû hieän taïi (tron luùc noùi); sau caâu meänh leänh, ñeà nghò. Trong caâu thöôøng coù caùc traïng töø: now, right now, at the moment, at present Ex: What are you doing at the moment? I’m writing letter. Be quiet! My mother is sleeping. 2.2 Moät haønh ñoäng ñaõ ñöôïc leân keá hoaïch thöïc ieän trong töông lai gaàn. Ex: What are you doing tonight? am going to the cinema with my father. 2.3 Moät haønh ñoäng nhaát thôøi khoâng keùo daøi laâu, thöôøng duøng vôùi today, this week, this month, these days Ex: What is your daughter doing these days?Ngöõ phaùp tieáng Anh THPT Nguyeãn Ñaëng Hoaøng Duy Study, study more, study forever!!! Trang She is studying English at the foreign language center. 3) Nhöõng ñoäng töø khoâng ñöôïc duøng ôû thì HTTD: 3.1 Ñoäng töø chæ giaùc quan: hear, see, smell, taste 3.2 Ñoäng töø chæ tình caûm, caûm xuùc: love, hate, li ke, dislike, want, wish 3.3 Ñoäng töø chæ traïng thaùi, söï lieân heä, sôû höõ u: look, seem, appear, have, own, belong to, need, 3.4 Ñoäng töø chæ sinh hoaït trí tueä: agree, understa nd, remember, know, III- Hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh (Present Perfect): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh have/has+ V3/ed Caâu phuû ñònh have/has not V3/ed Caâu hoûi Have/Has V3/ed? 2) Caùch duøng chính Thì HTHT duøng ñeå dieãn taû: 2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù khoâng xaù ñònh roõ thôøi ñieåm. Ex: Have you had breakfast? No, haven’t. 2.2 Moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù, coøn keùo daøi ñeán hieän taïi. Ex: My friend Nam has lived in HCMC since 1998. 2.3 Moät haønh ñoäng vöøa môùi xaûy ra. Ex: have just finished my homework. 2.4 Trong caáu truùc: Be the first/second… time have/has V3/ed Be the ss nhaát have/has V3/ed Ex: This is the first time have been to Paris. She is the most honest person have ever met. 3) Caùc traïng töø thöôøng duøng vôùi thì HTHT: just (vöøa môùi), recently/lately (gaàn ñaây), ever (ñaõ töøng), never (chöa bao giôø), yet (chöa), already (roài), since (töø khi moác thôøi gian), for (khoaûng), so far/until now/up to now/up to the present (cho ñeán baây giôø) IV- Hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh tieáp dieãn (Present Perfec Continuous): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh have/has+ been V-ing Caâu phuû ñònh have/has not been V-in Caâu hoûi Have/Has been V-ing? 2) Caùch duøng chính :Ngöõ phaùp tieáng Anh THPT Nguyeãn Ñaëng Hoaøng Duy Study, study more, study forever!!! Trang Thì HTHTTD ñöôïc duøng ñeå dieãn taû: Haønh ñoäng baét ñaàu trong quaù khöù vaø keùo daøi LIEÂN TUÏC ñeán hieän taïi vaø coøn tieáp dieãn ñeán töông lai, thöôøng duøng vôùi How long, since vaø for. Ex: How long have you been waiting for her? have been waiting for her for an hour. HTHT: haønh ñoäng hoaøn taát HTHTTD: haønh ñoäng coøn tieáp tuïc V- Quaù khöù ñôn (Simple Past): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh V2/ed; was/were Caâu phuû ñònh did not V; was/were not Caâu hoûi Did V?; Was/Were S? 2) Caùch duøng chính Thì QKÑ duøng ñeå dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ra vaø hoaøn taát trong quaù khöù vôùi thôøi gian ñöôïc xaùc ñònh roõ. Caùc traïng tö thöôøng ñi keøm: yesterday, ago, last week/month/year, in the past, in 1990, Ex: Uncle Ho passed away in 1969. VI- Quaù khöù tieáp dieãn (Past Continuous): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh was/were V-ing Caâu phuû ñònh was/were not V-ing Caâu hoûi Was/Were V-ing? 2) Caùch duøng chính Thì QKTD duøng ñeå dieãn taû: 2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra (vaø keùo daøi) vaøo moät thôøi ñieåm hoaëc moät khoaûng thôøi gian trong quaù khöù. Ex: She was studying her lesson at last night. What were you doing from 3pm to 6pm yesterday? was practising English at that time. 2.2 Moät haønh ñoäng ñang xaûy ra (V-ing) ôû quaù khöù thì coù moät haønh ñoäng khaùc xen vaøo (V2/ed). Ex: He was sleeping when came. While my mother was cooking dinner, the phone rang. 2.3 Hai haønh ñoäng dieãn ra song song cuøng luùc tron quaù khöù.Ngöõ phaùp tieáng Anh THPT Nguyeãn Ñaëng Hoaøng Duy Study, study more, study forever!!! Trang Ex: While was doing my homework, my younger brother was playing video games. VII- Quaù khöù hoaøn thaønh (Past Perfect): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh had V3/ed Caâu phuû ñònh had+ not V3/ed Caâu hoûi Had V3/ed? 2) Caùch duøng chính Thì QKHT duøng ñeå dieãn taû: 2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra vaø hoaøn taát tröôùc moät thôøi ñieåm hoaëc moät haønh ñoäng khaùc trong quaù khöù (haønh ñoäng tröôùc duø ng HAD V3/ed, haønh ñoäng sau duøng V2/ed). Ex: We had had dinner before eight o’clock last night. Lucie had learned English before she came to England. 2.2 Moät haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ra nhöng chöa hoaøn thaø nh, tính ñeán moät thôøi ñieåm naøo ñoù trong quaù khöù. Ex: By the time left that school, had taught there for ten years. (Tôùi luùc toâi rôøi ngoâi tröôøng aáy, toâi ñaõ daïy ñöôïc 10 naêm.) 3) Thì naøy thöôøng ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc töø, ngöõ sa ñaây: After, before, when, as, once Ex: When got to the station, the train had already left. No sooner than (vöøa môùi thì) Hardly/Scarely when (vöøa môùi thì) Ex: He had no sooner returned from abroad than he fell ill. ---> No sooner had he returned from abroad than he fell ill. (Anh aáy vöøa môùi trôû veà töø nöôùc ngoaøi thì ña âm ra beänh.) It was not until that (maõi cho tôùi môùi Not until that (maõi cho tôùi môùi …) Ex: It was not until had met her that understood the problem. ---> Not until had met her did understand the problem. (Maõi tôùi khi toâi gaëp coâ ta, toâi môùi hieåu ñö ôïc vaán ñeà.) VIII- Quaù khöù hoaøn thaønh tieáp dieãn (Past Perfect Co ntinuous): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh had been V-ing Caâu phuû ñònh had not been V-ingNgöõ phaùp tieáng Anh THPT Nguyeãn Ñaëng Hoaøng Duy Study, study more, study forever!!! Trang Caâu hoûi Had been not V-ing? 2) Caùch duøng chính Thì QKHTTD duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh tính LIEÂN TUÏC cu ûa haønh ñoäng cho ñeán khi moät haønh ñoäng khaùc xaûy ra trong quaù khöù. Ex: When she arrived, had been waiting for three hours. IX- Töông lai ñôn (Simple Future): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh will/shall Caâu phuû ñònh will/shall not Caâu hoûi Will/Shall V? 2) Caùch duøng chính Thì TLÑ duøng ñeå dieãn taû: 2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng seõ xaûy ra trong töông lai. Ex: will call you tomorrow. 2.2 Moät quyeát ñònh ñöa ra vaøo luùc noùi. Ex: It’s cold. I’ll shut the window. 2.3 Moät quyeát taâm, lôøi höùa, ñeà nghò, yeâu caàu. Ex: will lend you the money. Will you marry me? 2.4 Moät tieân ñoaùn, döï baùo trong töông lai. Ex: People will travel to Mars one day. 3) Moät soá traïng töø chæ thôøi gian thöôøng gaëp: tomorrow, tonight, next week/month/year, some day, in the future, LÖU YÙ Caùch duøng cuûa be going to V: Dieãn taû yù ñònh (khoâng coù trong keá hoaïch) Ex: have saved some money. am going to buy new computer. (Toâi ñaõ ñeå daønh ñöôïc moät ít tieàn. Toâi ñònh mua moät maùy vi tính môùi.) Dieãn taû moät döï ñoaùn coù caên cöù Ex: Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. (Haõy nhìn nhöõng ñaùm maây ñoù kìa. Trôøi saép möa .) X- Töông lai tieáp dieãn (Future Continuous): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh will/shall be V-ing Caâu phuû ñònh will/shall not be V-in Caâu hoûi Will/Shall be V-ing?Ngöõ phaùp tieáng Anh THPT Nguyeãn Ñaëng Hoaøng Duy Study, study more, study forever!!! Trang 2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì TLTD duøng ñeå dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng seõ ang dieãn ra ôû moät thôøi ñieåm hay moät khoaûng thôøi gian trong töông lai. Ex: This time next week will be playing tennis. We’ll be working hard all day tomorrow. XI- Töông lai hoaøn thaønh (Future Perfect): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh will/shall have V3/ed Caâu phuû ñònh will/shall not have V3 /ed Caâu hoûi Will/Shall have V3/ed? 2) Caùch duøng chính Thì TLHT duøng ñeå dieãn taû: 2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng seõ hoaøn taát tröôùc moät thôøi ieåm trong töông lai. Ex: It’s now 7pm. will have finished teaching this class by 8.30. (Baây giôø laø giôø toái. Toâi seõ daïy xong lôù naøy luùc 8g30.) 2.2 Moät haønh ñoäng seõ hoaøn taát tröôùc moät haønh oäng khaùc trong töông lai. Ex: By the time you come back, will have written this letter. (Vaøo luùc anh trôû laïi, toâi seõ vieát xong laù thö naøy.) Thì naøy thöôøng ñöôïc baét ñaàu baèng By time By then, By the time, By the end of this week/month/year ). XII- Töông lai hoaøn thaønh tieáp dieãn (Future Perfect Continuous): 1) Caùch thaønh laäp Caâu khaúng ñònh will/shall have been V-ing Caâu phuû ñònh will/shall not have be en V-ing Caâu hoûi Will/Shall have been V-ing 2) Caùch duøng chính Thì TLHTTD duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh tính LIEÂN TUÏC cu ûa haønh ñoäng so vôùi moät thôøi ñieåm naøo ñoù hoaëc haønh ñoäng khaùc rong töông lai. Ex: By next month, he will have been working in the office for ten years. When George gets his degree, he will have been stu dying at Oxford for four years. All things are difficult before they are easy. Vaïn söï khôûi ñaàu nan.Ngöõ phaùp tieáng Anh THPT Nguyeãn Ñaëng Hoaøng Duy Study, study more, study forever!!! Trang Baøi 2: THE THUÏ ÑOÄNG I- Caùc böôùc ñoåi caâu chuû ñoäng sang caâu bò ñoäng: 1) Xaùc ñònh S, V, trong caâu chuû ñoäng (V coù theå laø ñôn hoaëc keùp. Neáu laø keùp thì cuoái cuøng-V chính- ñöôïc ñoåi thaønh V3/ed.) 2) Xaùc ñònh thì cuûa ñoäng töø 3) Ñem trong caâu chuû ñoäng laøm trong caâu bò ño äng, ñem trong caâu chuû ñoäng laøm trong caâu bò ñoäng 4) Laáy chính trong caâu chuû ñoäng ñoåi thaønh V3/e roài theâm BE thích hôïp tröôùc V3/ed 5) Ñaët BY tröôùc trong caâu bò ñoäng Ex: (A) The cat ate the mouse. ---> (P) The mouse was eaten by the cat. Trong (A), The cat laø S, ate laø chính, the mouse laø O. Ñem the mouse laøm vaø the cat laøm trong (P). Laáy chính ñoåi thaønh V3 laø eaten. Do chính trong (A) ôû thì quaù khöù ñôn vaø The mouse trong (P) soá ít neân BE phaûi laø was Ñaët by tröôùc the cat Caáu truùc cô baûn cuûa caâu bò ñoäng laø BE V3 /ed. Sau khi laøm xong, caàn kieåm tra laïi coù thieáu moät trong hai yeáu toá où khoâng. II- Ñoäng töø trong caâu chuû ñoäng vaø bò ñoäng: Tenses Examples Simple present Lan cleans the floor every morning. --> The floor is cleaned by Lan every morning. Simple past Nam broke the glasses. --> The glasses were broken by Nam. Present continuous The pupil is not doing some exercises. --> Some exercises are not being done by the pupil. Past continuous Mother was cooking dinner at yesterday. --> Dinner was being cooked by mother at yesterday. Present perfect The secretary has just finished the report. --> The report has just been finished by the secretary. Past perfect The boy had found the key before yesterday. --> The key had been found by the boy before yesterday. Simple future Mr. Brown will not teach our class. --> Our class will not be taught by Mr. Brown.Ngöõ phaùp tieáng Anh THPT Nguyeãn Ñaëng Hoaøng Duy Study, study more, study forever!!! Trang Future perfect The students will have written many compositions. --> Many compositions will have been written by the students. Modal verbs a) The students must do this exercise in class. --> This exercise must be done in class by the students. b) We ought to overcome these difficulties. --> These difficulties ought to be overcome. III- Moät soá ñieåm caàn löu yù: 1) Caâu hoûi chuû ñoäng vaø bò ñoäng: (A) Did your father make this chair? ---> (P) Was this chair made by your father? (A) Who repaired your bicycle? ---> (P) Whom was your bicycle repaired by? (By whom was your bicycle repaired?) (A) What plays did Shakespeare write? ---> (P) What plays were written by Shakespeare? 2) Löôïc boû tuùc töø trong caâu bò ñoäng: Neáu chuû töø trong caâu chuû ñoäng KHOÂNG chæ roõ laø ngöôøi hay vaät cuï theå, roõ raøng (people, someone, every one, no one, any one, I, we, you, they, s/he, it) thì khi ñoåi sang caâu bò ñoäng (by people /someone very one no one any one me us you them her him it) coù theå ñöô ïc boû ñi. Ex: (A) People built that bridge in 1998. ---> (P) That bridge was built in 1998. 3) Ñoäng töø coù hai tuùc töø: 3.1 Ñoäng töø caàn giôùi töø TO: give, lend, send, show (A) John will give me this book. (=John will give his book to me.) ---> (P1) will be given this book by John. ---> (P2) This book will be given to me by John. 3.2 Ñoäng töø caàn giôùi töø FOR: buy, make, get, (A) He bought her rose. (=He bought rose for her.) ---> (P1) She was bought rose. ---> (P2) rose was bought for her. 4) Moät soá daïng bò ñoäng khaùc: 4.1 Caáu truùc They/People say/think/believe… that (A) People say that Henry eats ten eggs day. ---> (P1) It is said that Henry eats ten eggs day.Ngöõ phaùp tieáng Anh THPT Nguyeãn Ñaëng Hoaøng Duy Study, study more, study forever!!! Trang ---> (P2) Henry is said to eat ten eggs day. (A) They thought that Mary had gone away. ---> (P1) It was thought that Mary had gone away. ---> (P2) Mary was thought to have gone away. 4.2 Caáu truùc HAVE GET something V3/ed (A) had him repair my car. ---> (P) had my car repaired (by him). (A) get her to make some coffee. ---> (P) get some coffee made (by her). Time is gold. Thôøi gian laø vaøng. Baøi SÖÏ HOAØ HÔÏP GIÖÕA CHUÛ TÖØ VAØ ÑOÄNG TÖØ I- Nhöõng tröôøng hôïp ñoäng töø chia daïng soá ít: Neáu chuû töø thuoäc caùc tröôøng hôïp sau thì ñoän töø chia daïng soá ít. 1) Danh töø ñeám ñöôïc soá ít hoaëc danh töø khoâng ñe ám ñöôïc: Mary lives in China. Milk is my favorite drink. 2) Danh töø taän cuøng baèng S” mang nghóa soá ít: news, mathematics (maths), economics, linguistics, politics, statistics, physics, phonetics, aerobics, athletics, gymnastics measles, mumps, rickets, diabetes, the Philippines, the United States, The news is interesting. 3) Ñaïi töø baát ñònh: every/any/no/some body/one/thing Someone is kbocking at the door. 4) Meänh ñeà baét ñaàu baèng THAT/WHAT/WHERE/WHEN hoaëc cuïm töø baét ñaàu baèng TO V/V-ing: That you get high marks does not surprise me. To master English is not easy. Growing flowers was her hobby when she was young. 5) Töø chæ thôøi gian, khoaûng caùch, tieàn baïc, ño öôøng, theå tích: Eight hours of sleep day is enough. Five kilometers is not long distance.Ngöõ phaùp tieáng Anh THPT Nguyeãn Ñaëng Hoaøng Duy Study, study more, study forever!!! Trang 10 Twenty dollars is too much to pay for that stuff. 6) Töø ñònh löôïng mang nghóa soá ít: Each of the children has toy. One of my friends is coming. II- Nhöõng tröôøng hôïp ñoäng töø chia daïng soá nhieàu Neáu chuû töø thuoäc caùc tröôøng hôïp sau thì ñoän töø chia daïng soá nhieàu. 1) Danh töø ñeám ñöôïc soá nhieàu: Engineers are key figures in our life. 2) Caùc danh töø khaùc nhau keát hôïp baèng AND: Scientists and engineers are very important. 3) Töø ñònh löôïng mang nghóa soá nhieàu: Most of the students here work very hard. Some books read last week are written by famous writer. 4) Danh töø luoân ôû daïng soá nhieàu: people, police, cattle, poultry, military, goods, lothes, scissors, glasses,… The police have arrested the robbers. Sun glasses are used to protect your eyes from the sunlight. Chuù yù: pair of scissors is helpful in this case. 5) The Adj chæ danh töø soá nhieàu: the rich/poor, the young/old/elderly, the homeless, the handicapped, the blind/deaf/mute, the English/Chinese/Vietnamese,… The poor have many problems. III- Nhöõng tröôøng hôïp caàn löu yù: 1) Khi caùc chuû töø ñöôïc noái vôùi nhau bôûi as well as, with along with hoaëc together with ñoäng töø seõ hoaø hôïp vôùi chuû töø thöù nhaát. The students, as well as their teacher, have not come yet. The teacher, as well as his students, has not come yet. 2) Khi caùc chuû töø ñöôïc noái vôùi nhau bôûi either or, neither nor hoaëc not only but also ñoäng töø seõ hoaø hôïp vôùi chuû töø gaàn nhaát. Neither she nor her friends have arrived. Not only the dogs but also the cat is mine. 3) number of soá nhieàu ñoäng töø soá nhieàu, The number of soá nhieàu ñoäng töø soá ít: number of applicants have been interviewed. Nhieàu) The number of days in week is seven. 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